Calculation of Detector Specific Output Correction Factors Based On IAEA-AAPM TRS-483 for 6 MV Flat / Unflat Photon Beams and Comparison with Literature
Small Field Output Correction Factors
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63187/ampas.14Keywords:
Output Correction Factors, Small Field Dosimetry, TRS-483Abstract
In the TRS-483 recommendations, output correction factors to be applied in small fields are specified as a single value for each detector and field size, regardless of the Linac model, collimation, or filtering difference. Since Scp values are used in the treatment MU value calculations, if the Correction Factors due to the detector differences are entered into the TPS incompletely, the dose calculations are incorrect in the treatment plans where small fields such as SRS, SRT, SBRT are used frequently. In our study, correction factors for 7 different detectors and 9 different field sizes (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0 cm2 ) were calculated using the experimental method and their compatibility with the correction factors specific to the detectors specified in the literature was investigated. 6 WFF and 6 FFF photon output factors for IBA CC01, IBA CC04, SI Extradin A16, PTW Pinpoint 3D, PTW microDiamond, Sun Nuclear Edge and PTW SRS Diode were calculated with Daisy Chain method. It was observed that ion chambers are under-response in field sizes smaller than 3 cm2 and need a larger correction factor, whereas solid-state detectors are over-response, and needs a relatively smaller correction factor than ion chambers. The percent variation between the correction factors for the two energies 6 WFF / 6 FFF was found to be a maximum of 2% for both ion chambers and solid detectors at field sizes of 2 cm2 and larger.
References
Ceylan C. (2019) Radyoterapide SRS/SBRT uygulamalarında farklı doz fraksiyonlarının ve değişen doz hızlı tedavi tekniklerinin radyobiyolojik etkisi: Farklı hücre kültürleri ile in vitro çalışma.
IAEA Technical Report Series No.398 Absorbed Dose Determination in External Beam Radiotherapy (2000).
Almond PR, Biggs PJ, Coursey BM, et al. (1999) AAPM’s TG-51 protocol for clinical reference dosimetry of high-energy photon and electron beams. Med Phys. , 26(9):1847-1870.
Technical Reports Series No.483 Dosimetry of Small Static Fields Used in External Beam Radiotherapy an International Code of Practice for Reference and Relative Dose Determination.
Das IJ, Francescon P, Moran JM, et al.(2021) Report of AAPM Task Group 155: Megavoltage photon beam dosimetry in small fields and non‐equilibrium conditions. Med Phys.
Palmans H, Andreo P, Huq MS, Seuntjens J, Christaki KE, Meghzifene A. (2018) Dosimetry of small static fields used in external photon beam radiotherapy: Summary of TRS-483, the IAEA-AAPM international code of practice for reference and relative dose determination. Med Phys.;45(11):e1123-e1145.
Das IJ, Morales J, Francescon P. (2016) Small field dosimetry: What have we learnt? In: AIP Conference Proceedings. Vol 1747. American Institute of Physics Inc.060001.
Casar B, Gershkevitsh E, Mendez I, Jurković S, Saiful Huq M. (2020) Output correction factors for small static fields in megavoltage photon beams for seven ionization chambers in two orientations - perpendicular and parallel. Med Phys., 47(1):242-259.
Khan F, Gibbons JP. (2014) The Physics of Radiation Therapy. 5th ed. Minnesota: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Huet C, Moignier C, Fontaine J, Clairand I. (2014) Characterization of the gafchromic EBT3 films for dose distribution measurements in stereotactic radiotherapy. Radiat Meas.,71:364-368.
Niroomand-Rad A, Blackwell CR, Coursey BM, et al. (1998)Radiochromic film dosimetry: Recommendations of AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 55. Med Phys., 25(11):2093-2115.
Ahnesjö A, Weber L, Murman A, Saxner M, Thorslund I, Traneus E. (2005) Beam modeling and verification of a photon beam multisource model. Med Phys., 32(6):1722-1737.
Oh SA, Yea JW, Lee R, Park HB, Kim SK.(2014) Dosimetric Verifications of the Output Factors in the Small Field Less Than 3 cm 2 Using the Gafchromic EBT2 Films and the Various Detectors . Prog Med Phys., 25(4):218.
Tyler MK, Liu PZY, Lee C, McKenzie DR, Suchowerska N. (2016) Small field detector correction factors: effects of the flattening filter for Elekta and Varian linear accelerators. J Appl Clin Med Phys.,17(3):223-235.
Masanga W, Tangboonduangjit P, Khamfongkhruea C, Tannanonta C. (2016) Determination of small field output factors in 6 and 10 MV flattening filter free photon beams using various detectors. J Phys Conf Ser.,694(1).
Lechner W, Palmans H, Sölkner L, Grochowska P, Georg D. (2013) Detector comparison for small field output factor measurements in flattening filter free photon beams. Radiother Oncol, 109(3):356-360.
Cranmer-Sargison G, Weston S, Sidhu NP, Thwaites DI.(2011) Experimental small field 6 MV output ratio analysis for various diode detector and accelerator combinations. Radiother Oncol., 100(3):429-435.
Cranmer-Sargison G, Charles PH, Trapp J V., Thwaites DI. (2013) A methodological approach to reporting corrected small field relative outputs. Radiother Oncol., 109(3):350-355.
Casar B, Gershkevitsh E, Mendez I, Jurković S, Huq MS. (2019) A novel method for the determination of field output factors and output correction factors for small static fields for six diodes and a microdiamond detector in megavoltage photon beams. Med Phys., 46(2):944-963.
Dufreneix S, Bellec J, Josset S, Vieillevigne L. (2021) Field output factors for small fields: A large multicentre study. Phys Medica., 81(July 2020):191-196.
Bassinet C, Huet C, Derreumaux S, et al. (2013) Small fields output factors measurements and correction factors determination for several detectors for a CyberKnife® and linear accelerators equipped with microMLC and circular cones. Med Phys.,40(7).
Charles PH, Cranmer-Sargison G, Thwaites DI, et al. (2014) A practical and theoretical definition of very small field size for radiotherapy output factor measurements. Med Phys.,41(4):041707.
Azangwe G, Grochowska P, Georg D, et al. (2014) Detector to detector corrections: a comprehensive experimental study of detector specific correction factors for beam output measurements for small radiotherapy beams. Med Phys., 41(7).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Burcu Hiz Temizer, Cemile Ceylan, Türkay Toklu, Alper Özkan, Ipek Karaaslan

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.